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Time Saving Strategies

  1. Design good assignments

    Assign exploratory writing; consider using microthemes. Create assignment handouts specifying task, purpose, audience, criteria, desired manuscript form.

  2. Clarify your grading criteria

    Create a scoring guide or peer review checksheet. Hold an in-class norming session.

  3. Devote a class hour to generating ideas

    Create a small group brainstorming task. Have members of pairs interview one another.

  4. Have students submit something to you early in the writing process

    Consider asking for a prospectus, a question-plus-thesis summary, or an abstract. Use these to identify students who need extra help.

  5. Have students be the first readers of each other’s drafts

    Require peer reviews (either response-centered or advice centered)
    To preserve class time, consider out-of-class peer reviews.

  6. Refer students to your writing center (or lobby to start one). Recognize the value of writing centers for all writers, not just weak writers

    Stress the usefulness of writing centers at all stages of the writing process.

  7. Make one-on-one conferences efficient

    Focus first on higher-order concerns (ideas, focus, organization and development)
    Begin each conference by setting an agenda. Develop a repertoire of conferencing strategies. Consider using idea maps and tree diagrams.

  8. Consider holding group conferences early in the writing process.
  9. Use efficient methods for giving feedback on papers

    Comment on late drafts rather than final products (or allow rewrites)
    Make revision-oriented comments, focusing first on higher-order concerns. When time is at a premium, use a grading scale or a scoring guide instead of making comments.

  10. Put minimal comments on finished products that will not be revised.
  11. Read John Bean’s Engaging Ideas. Jossey-Bass, 1996.

Students’ Responses to Teachers’ Comments

Spadiel and Stiggins’s study (1990) revealed how students misread and reacted to teachers’ comments (pp. 85-87).

“Needs to be more concise”
- Confusing. I need to know what the teacher means specifically.
- This is an obvious comment.
- I’m not Einstein. I can’t get everything right.
- I thought you wanted details and support.
- Define “concise.”
- Vague, vague.

“Be more specific”
- I tried and it didn’t pay off.
- It’s going to be too long then.
- I try, but I don’t know every fact.
- You be more specific.

“You haven’t really thought this through”
- That is a mean reply.
- I guess I blew it.
- How do you know what I thought.

“Try harder”
- I did try!
- Maybe I am trying as hard as I can.
- Baloney! You don’t know how hard I tried.
- This kind of comment makes me feel really bad and I’m frustrated!

Source: John C. Bean, Engaging Ideas: The Professor’s Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Publishers, 1996.

Writing-to-learn activities and strategies differ substantially in means and ends from traditional, formal writing. The following comparison highlights a few of these differences.

Traditional Assignments (Displaying Knowlege) Writing to Learn (Processing Knowlege)
Conveys already “known” concepts or knowledge Conveys thinking in process or discovery
Writing to test (is the student’s thinking right or wrong) Writing to think (Intellectual engagement is goal; error is a natural part of learning)
Asks students to be sure about what they write (what’s your thesis?) Allows students to voice and explore questions
Assigned as homework (often a relatively lengthy paper, report, or exam) Process More Process (writing=thinking=more thought)
Students see writing assignments as penalty situations (writing is a burden and test of knowledge) Assignments impromptu, often completed in class, may also be homework, often short (less than a page)
Graded on A/B/C/D/F basis by teacher (usually means heavy investment of teacher’s and student’s time) Students see writing as a means or helpful to support thinking about new material
Focus on the grades, and what has already been learned, not the current process of learning Usually ungraded, but credit given or not given based on clear criteria (i.e., less formal grading by teachers, and students focus on learning not grades)

If writing IS thinking then constructing writing-to-learn activities serves our students’ learning by asking them to push beyond a surface understanding, by asking them to engage in a process of knowledge making, by asking them to think through a variety of perspectives, theories, or ideas, and by taking at least some responsibility for their own learning.

Responding to Student Writing

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Seminars

The Center for Writing Excellence typically offers workshops on teaching writing in the disciplines, responding to student writing and grading, and meeting the needs of second language writers. Registration information is below. For seminars that require registration, seating is limited. Please register early.

Designing Your Own Assignments

Developing Good Assignments
Quick Suggestions for Helping Non-Native Writers
- from the University of Minnesota Writing Center
Creating Effective Peer Response Workshops
- from the University of Minnesota Writing Center

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